A slow international response and a failure of leadership were to blame for the "needless suffering and death" caused by the recent Ebola epidemic, a panel of experts has concluded.
Led by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the panel's report said major reforms were needed to prevent future disasters.
More than 11,000 people died in the outbreak, which began in 2013.
Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone were the countries most badly affected.
The report said these countries were unable to detect, report and respond rapidly to outbreaks - something which allowed Ebola to develop into "a worldwide crisis".
But it reserved most criticism for the World Health Organization, saying it was too slow to declare Ebola an international public health emergency - five months after Guinea and Liberia had notified it of outbreaks.
The report said the WHO had also failed to meet its responsibilities for responding to the outbreak because of a lack of leadership and accountability.
When a global response did eventually materialise, towards the end of 2014, it was deemed to be slow, inflexible to conditions on the ground, inadequately informed and poorly co-ordinated.
"The reputation and credibility of the WHO has suffered a particularly fierce blow," the report said.
The panel also criticised some political leaders for playing down the outbreak and not calling for international help.
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